Analysis on British Airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis on British Airways - Essay Example Political factors is another crucial issue that is considered by the company to ensure the country has a stable government as political arena usually has a great influence on consumer’s spending power and business regulation. Some of the political factors British Airways consider are the stability of the government, the influence of the government on taxation and position of the government on the marketing ethics. Since there are other competitors in the air transport industry, British Airways has taken into consideration that their customers have a high bargaining power. Due to this reason, they ensure that the fare rates are friendly as their customers can always switch to purchase the substitute services from other airline companies. However, due to the high capital required to start an airline, British Airways is not under a very severe threat as compared to other business ventures that would require low capital to be started. On the other hand, the organization has to ens ure it spends heavily on advertising since there are a number of other companies offering the same services of air transport. For this case, it has to keep on advertising and offering competitive fare rates and other promotional activities to guarantee them that their services will continue prevailing in the market. Another factor that has guaranteed the services of British Airways that they will continue to prevail in the world market in their product services. They have ensured that the services are quality.... Since there are other competitors in the air transport industry, British airways has taken into consideration that their customers have a high bargaining power. Due to this reason they ensure that the fare rates are friendly as their customers can always switch to purchase the substitute services from other airline companies. However, due to the high capital required to start an airline, British airways is not under a very severe threat as compared to other business ventures that would require low capital to be started. On the other hand, the organization has to ensure it spends heavily on advertising since there are a number of other companies offering the same services of air transport. For this case, it has to keep on advertising and offering competitive fare rates and other promotion activities to guarantee them that their services will continue prevailing in the market. 1 Another factor that has guaranteed the services of British Airways that they will continue to prevail in the world market in their product services. They have ensure that they services are quality and their guarantee safety for their passengers. Being on of the oldest airline in the world, it has a brand name that has increased their goodwill in the market. British Airways do not operate on fixed rates on their fares through the years and for this case, they usually have seasonal pricing whereby they charge more during the peak season and low rates during low seasons. They also ensure that they charge reduced rates for customers who pay a return ticket unlike if one pays for one ways ticket and another one when returning which is expensive. 2 British Airways has ensured that their services are within the reach of their clients since they

Entrepreneurship and Business Management (III) Essay

Entrepreneurship and Business Management (III) - Essay Example Resources are therefore the engines of growth and they depend heavily on them for nourishment and survival. When they move from survival to growth they need broader and more extensive resources to nourish their needs. The internet has indeed opened up a vast store of knowledge and information. Entrepreneurs and smaller firms usually face a resource constraint not only of capital but that of specified information. There are plenty of networking communities that help their members in getting information on vital aspects of marketing and availability of talent and other resources. These are the places where they can get sustenance and growth information. By nature technological entrepreneurship is looked upon as shaky, unreliable and flimsy. It has no legitimacy on its own and is considered as highly risky and not worth investing into. It is for these reasons that the entrepreneur and the smaller firms that associate with it are forced to look upon other avenues such as the Internet. Often when they show their prowess in the use of the web based business acumen, they attract Venture Capital. Another objective for entering and developing a networking relationship on the net is access to knowledge of markets and to understand and utilise their scarce resource in optimal ways. Most relationships expect and receive strategic advice that is valuable in developing competencies. This is the value-addition that the entrepreneurs look for from their networking communities as their own exposure is limited due to age and inexperience. Indeed strategic advice has been confirmed to be a sought after value addition (McMillan et al 1988). The use of Internet is however risky for entrepreneurs. They are usually new ventures; start-ups with high on idealism and short on knowledge and the Internet is full of out-dated information and untested

Successful strategies for small music venues

Successful strategies for small music venues This study will analyse what successful marketing strategies for small music venues are. The topic is of special interest due to different factors. According to different surveys among them the Mintel Live Entertainment and Music Concert study, there is a growing interest in live music acts (Music Week, 20.10.2007). People are increasingly interested to catch a band rather than going to a club or watching a comedy acts, so says Keith Ames, member of the Musicians Union (Music Week 17, 25.07.09). On the other hand, one can read more often about the closure of smaller live music venues, venues that can host around 200 people. A number of venues were forced to close down, among them The Point in Cardiff and The Charlotte in Leicester. These venues have hosted big named artists. The venues, especially Leicesters legendary Charlotte, were symbolic for their traditional public house environment. Many promoters are complaining that festivals, stadiums and arenas are dominating the market and drawing the money away from the smaller gigs and tours. That might be in favour for the bands itself but smaller operating venues are not in favour of that concept. The promoter Rupert Dell mentions to Music Week, that it is almost impossible to make money if venues are operating under a capacity below the 300-500 mark, though, there are places that do well, mostly be relying on the bar. It is up to the small live music venues to find a way to successfully compete against the bigger venues. They have to basically think outside the box to attract people on the venues. Many venues around the UK have become very successful in viral marketing, also knows as word-of-mouth, and targeting the right fan base. Social networking became an essential part of the venues marketing approaches. Mintels research also indicates that social networking sites and downloading have promoted, rather than damaged, the live music industry, with the result that regular internet users are more likely to go to gigs. Though, Dell believes that social networking sites can hinder as well as help and says venues have to be prepared to work harder than ever to attract the crowds. Many local venues around the UK still follow their concept that they have been there for ages and doing a good job. There venues include The Ruby Lounge and Night Day in Manchester, Sheffields Leadmill or the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds, on which the focus will rely on in this study. There are many more factors that make it difficult for smaller music venues to compete against the bigger ones. One of them used is the Licensing Act 2003: An Act to make provision about the regulation of the sale and supply of alcohol, the provision of entertainment and the provision of late night refreshment, about offences relating to alcohol and for connected purposes. (Legislation.gov.uk) The license requirements cost too much money for the venues. The benefits for the venues itself are too little. Though, it has put into question of the Licensing Act 2003 really harms or encourages the small live music venues. The Licensing Act 2003 has been changed in favour for the small venues (FAQ Licensing Act 2003). Since small venues were still struggling so much, the Parliamentary Select Committee allows certain premises to operate without an entertainment licence. The so-called Two-in-a-bar rule, allows venues that host a capacity up to 200 people can operate without an entertainment license when only one or even two artists are performing in the venue (The Independent, 16.02.2000). There have been many approached to expand that rule since the venues are still struggling. That is only one factor the venues have to deal with. Therefore it is the venues task to find a way to stay competitive and solvent. In order to do so, the venues have to find a successful marketing strategy. To evaluate that, different study aims and objectives have arise which will be exemplified in the following excerpt. Study aims The aim of this study is to investigate what marketing strategies are adopted by small and private owned live music venues in order to compete against the bigger ones. In order to achieve this aim the following objectives were devised. Study objectives The objectives of this study are as followed: understand how live music entertainment is successfully marketed understand the marketing approaches that are available for implementation and taken by managers of live music venues understand the problems faced by the organisations marketing a service like that investigate how small music venues market themselves using the Leeds area for a study case. 1.4 Choice of topic This paper is an investigation in the marketing approaches of live indoor music venues and which strategies are most appropriate for promoting the venue and the staging event. As mentioned above, there has been an immense increase in the live music during the recent years. But even though that is the case, many live music venues are forced to close down. That effects especially smaller venues. Besides of frequent concert visits, the author is genuinely interested in the marketing action provided by those venues in the events industry. And after reading an article about the struggle of small live music venues, it was of great personal interest to see what can be done to compete against the wide range of live music venues. Chapter 2 2. Music performances in the event context In attempting to explain music performances in the events nature, the author finds that music events are classed as fairs and festivals (Goldblatt, 1997) and art festivals/events (Getz, 1997). These events need a lot of support and technical back up and therefore have the potential bring the spectators and performers together. According to this statement Goldblatt (1997, p7) also quotes: Fairs and festivals provide unlimited opportunities for organisations to celebrate their culture while providing deep meaning for those who participate and attend. Gretz on the other hand describes entertainment events as followed: Art festivals are universal, but with considerable diversity on form and type of art featured Gretz (1997) sees it as essential put art festivals in three different categories: Visual (e.g. handicraft, sculpture, painting) Performing (e.g. music, dance, drama, cinema, poetry; usually involving performers in from of the audience) Participation (no separation of audience and performer) In the context of this study, one can say that live music performances can be categorised under art and festival events, more precisely they can be defined as performing arts. After having music events categorised, the next chapter will deal with the wide field of marketing and marketing of small music venues. Chapter 3: Marketing 3.1 Introduction In order to satisfy the study objectives one and two of this dissertation, the author will explain the terms of the marketing concepts and explains as well as marketing strategies which can also be implemented in businesses such as music venues. 3.2. What is Marketing? Marketing is an essential and indispensable part for all sorts of businesses, including the events industry. The complexity of marketing is also seen in the wide range of literature that exists. Marketing is an always changing topic. Definitions are steadily renewed and expanded. Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell (2006) are defining marketing as followed: Marketing consists of individual and organisational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships on a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of good, services and ideas. Kotler (1997) states: Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with offers. Blythe (1998) declares: Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. The author finds these definitions mentioned above appealing because it succeeds in addressing the importance of management and profit in relation to marketing, and the modern day of business. As one can tell from the definitions above, the focus of marketing is on satisfying human needs in return of benefits for the business. A business need to satisfy their customers in order to succeed. That is the major concept of marketing. When the customers a kept happy, they will return to the business to provide additional custom. For the business itself, marketing should provide a financial benefit and a greater understanding of the organisation. Therefore it is extremely important for marketers to understand their markets customer, competitors and market trends and also the businesss capabilities. Understanding general market trends is also very relevant for a business. That includes all those that include the market environment: social trends, technological enhancements, economic patterns, changes in the legal and regulatory arena, political influences (Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell, 2006). The product or service offered must be in line with the customer needs and also the service level must clearly be determined. Furthermore pricing and payment issues must be decided, channels of distribution establishes in order to make the product or service available and the promotional strategies need to be devised and executed to communicate with the targeted customers. Is that the case, marketers can develop their marketing strategies and programmes. According to Dibb et al. (2006) marketing consists of the ASP approach: Analyses first, then Strategy decisions with, finally, the formulation of marketing Programmes. This approach consists of basics like satisfying customers and stakeholders, target the right customer group, facilitating exchange relationships, staying ahead in a dynamic environment, increasing the market share and one of the most important facts enhancing the profitability or income. For marketing live entertainment events, marketers use a slightly different kind of marketing which is classified as service marketing. This will be explained in the following chapter. 3.4 Service Marketing 3.4.1 Introduction Relating to study objective number one which covers the questions how music entertainment is successfully marketed, the author sees it as inevitable to give an understanding of service marketing. Service marketing is the most appropriate kind of marketing in the context of entertainment. The author sees it for necessary to define first what exactly is meant by the word service and characteristics service has. Berry (1990) defines service as followed and at the same time shows the distinction to the word good: In general, good can be defined as objects, devises, or things, whereas service can be defined as deeds, efforts, or performances. Hoffman et al. (2006) lists four main characteristics for services: intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity and perishability. Due to the importance of these terms, they will be briefly explained in the following sub-chapters. 3.4.2 Intangibility Hoffman et al. (2006) defines intangibility as followed: A distinguishing characteristic of services that makes them unable to be touched or sensed in the same manner as physical goods. An example of intangibility could be a concert to be enjoyed at a music venue. The customer purchases a concert ticket, which entitles the customer to an experience. Since the concert experience is intangible, it is subjectively evaluated; that is, customer of services must rely on the judgements of others who have previously experienced the service for pre-purchase information. The customer will return with the experience of the concert and his memories, the physical ownership that he retains is only the ticket stub. An importing part of a service marketing programme involves to reduce the customers perceived risk by adding physical evidence and the development of strong brands. 3.4.3 Inseparability Hoffman et al. (2006) offers following definition: A distinguishing characteristic of services that reflects the interconnection among the service provider, the customer involved in receiving the service, and other customers sharing the service experience. An example for inseparability could be a musical performance that is created (produced) as it is experienced (consumed) by the audience. The interaction between customer and service provider defines a critical incident. Critical incidents represent the greatest opportunity for both gains and losses in regard to customer satisfaction and retention. 3.4.4. Heterogeneity A distinguishing characteristic of services that reflects the variation on consistency from one service transaction to the next. (Hoffmann et al, 2006) Heterogeneity makes it impossible for a service operation to achieve perfect quality on an ongoing basis. Many errors in service operations are one-time events. Another challenge that heterogeneity defines is that the consistency can vary from firm to firm, it also varies when interacting with the same service provider on a daily basis. 3.4.5 Perishability A distinguishing characteristic of services in that they cannot be saved, their unused capacity cannot be reserved and they cannot be inventoried. (Hoffmann et al, 2006) The customer is usually involved in the production process of a service at the same time as it is produced. Therefore it can be difficult to control and monitor and ensure stable standards. It is not possible with services to pre-deliver an inspection that is open to manufacturers of goods. These explanations provide a brief overview about the characteristics of services which include music performances. Following it will be explained how a service like that can be marketed and brought to the target customer. 3.5 Communication in Service Marketing Introduction With the focus on the second study objective where is was questioned which marketing approached are available, there will be an investigation of the field of service marketing. Marketing within events is based on communication. This can be done by directly informing the customer of a service that is offered, though customer feedback or market research. The main role of a communication strategy is to inform or remind a customer about a service that is offered. The organisation has to create customer awareness and also position an offered service in the customers evoked set of alternatives. Keeping the customer updated with the services is an essential part of the communication service, since people forget quickly and easily (Bateson, 1992). There are two ways in which communication of services may be handled: non-personal sources and personal sources. Non-personal sources are mediums such as television advertising or printed information in newspapers or magazines. Personal sources are on face-to-face basis. It is though all individuals who are in contact with the consumer of purchase, consumption and postpurchase stages. The objectives and strategies of communications can differ, depending on the nature of the target group (Hoffmann et all., 2009). Therefore communication strategies and objectives will be closer described in the following sections. 3.5.1 Communication Strategy in service marketing The development of a service marketing strategy has similarities to the regular marketing strategy which includes the identification of the target market, selection of a positioning strategy and tailoring a communication mix to the targeted audience that reinforces the desired positioning strategy. The three objectives of a communication strategy in general are to inform, to persuade and to remind. It is possible that these objectives can change over the course of the products life circle, depending whether the organisation would like to target current users or nonusers (Hoffman et all., 2009). 3.5.2. Determining a target market In order to meet the general communication objectives, the service organisation must analyse the need of consumers and then categorise consumers with similar needs into market segment (Masterman and Wood, 2006). The segmentation can be applied on a very simple level. A differentiation can simply be implemented by categories such as consumer/organisational markets or male/female segment or local/national/international market. Often segmentation can be a little more sophisticated by using lifestyle, attitudes or opinions and interest. An example of a music event is be a concert production. Of interest here for determining the target group is firstly the music taste of the targeted audience, lifestyle and also reference groups. Age, gender or economic situation are less relevant here (Cottle and Ratneshwar, 2003). Once the target audience has been evaluated, objectives can be developed for each identified target group, as each group may have different communication preferences. 3.5.3. Organisations positioning strategy After having selected the target group, it is necessary to establish a positioning strategy. A positioning strategy is a plan for differentiating the organisation from its competitors in consumers eyes (Hoffman et all, 2009). But there is also the competitive position, which determines the position among the competitive environment. Positioning involves a strategic manipulation of the organisations marketing mix variables: product, price, promotion, place, physical evidence, people and processes. Every single of the components is controllable. When these are effectively combined, the organisation can balance the factors that are uncontrollable and which exist in every organisations environment like technological advances, customer needs, new and existing competitors, government regulations, economic conditions and the effects or seasonability. Kotler (1997) states that companies that fail to alter their positioning strategy to reflect environmental changes in order to differentiate themselves from competitors often falter in the long term. 3.5.4. Competitive position When identifying the current position, the process uses market share trends to determine whether the organisation is a market leader, market challenger, market follower or market nicher. A market leader will have different strategic options to an organisation on a niche market or a smaller player in the field. In relation to the study objectives one and two, the authors finds it relevant to explain the characteristics of a market nicher since small music venues feature characteristics of a market nicher. Often market nicher tend to be very successful with their strategy by avoiding direct conflicts with the larger competitors. In order to achieve this success, the organisation created a kind of specialism in a particular area. This can be the a product itself, the service level or the market that they operate in. The professional competence protects them from attacks and provides enough space for growth of the right target market was selected. Growth in this context does not necessarily mean market expansion but more through market penetration (Hoffman et al, 2009). 3.5.5 Positioning According to Ries and Trout (1992), positioning refers to the position that a product has in the consumers mind in comparison to the competing product. It is important to determined the desired position for each target market. The marketing mix can change according to the target market since the focus has to be changed according the preferences of the target audience. For changing the existing position of a product or brand, marketing communications are often used. By repositioning, the organisation has the chance to gain market share, attract a new market, or recondition an offered product that is coming to the end of their life cycle. Marketing communication helps to change existing approached of a service by using new information, imagery and comparisons. When positioning, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the current position. In order to see how a product is perceived when comparing it with the competitors, it requires a good market research in each target market. Depending on the organisation, there are several criteria on which a product is evaluated. For a concert venue, the ease of access, atmosphere or performance may be of major interest. It is important to identify which is the most relevant criteria for each target group. When having evaluated that, positioning can be made a lot easier, also by using different tool like a positioning map. These maps are very useful for evaluating the competitors offerings and also to advise future strategic actions (Masterman and Wood, 2006). Positioning is an essential aspect of a marketing plan and often leads to a so called positioning statement. These positioning statements shows how an organisation wishes to perceive their products and brand and created consistency, clarity and continuity in how it addresses to target market (Kanzler, 2003; Davidson and Rogers, 2006). 3.6 Communication Mix Introduction In an attempt to satisfy study objective one and two of this dissertation, the author within this chapter explains the concept of the communication mix, also known as promotional mix, and as well explains what tools are available to marketing personnel to marketing a service like live music performances. 3.6.1 What is the communication mix? The communication mix is a set of communication tools which marketers use to communication with their target market. The major tools that are used are media advertising, public relations, sales promotion and the personal selling. This promotion mix has been extended to word-of-mouth, corporate identity, sponsorship and corporate hospitality, e-marketing, exhibitions and events and merchandising (Masterman and Wood, 2006). Wigram (2004) states, when utilising these different methods, the organisation can deliver experiences and information which are relevant to the different target audiences and which collectively deliver the brand vision. When staying in subsequent contact with the customer, it is also important to consider the communication budget (Boone and Kurtz, 1993). Especially for small firm that is very important due to the limited budget that is available. When the budget has been determined, the target audience, objectives and budgets are divided among the different areas of the communication mix. Following there will be different communication tools explained that are relevant and most appropriate for small businesses such as live music venues. Public Relations Due to the complexity of PR, the topic be briefly explained and explained why PR is appropriate for small organisations including music venues. In the following sub-chapter, there will be an explanation of PR as well as how it is relevant to an organisation like a music venue. What is PR? Public relations is a wide field and there a different definitions for this term. Palmer (2008) states that PR is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation and its public. Masterman and Wood (2006) write that PR is used to raise the success of an organisation. It covers a corporate, financial, marketing, community and internal activity. As mentioned before, PR aims to change the opinions of the parties that have a certain influence on the success of an event. PR should also focus on credibility and reputation and therefore with the external perception. Yeshin (1998), Pickton and Broderick (2001) and Fill (2002) agree that PR has a very wide role, not only to support the marketing act. It engages managing communications with every group of the organisation that are considered an important factor in the successful implementation of an event. Uses of public relations Following there are listed a few ways of how to use PR. They are adopted by Masterman and Wood (2006, p88) and can be categorised as follows: Customer retention: using PR activity such as events, launches and media liaison to support marketing push to retain customer, grow sales and market share. Investment: using PR activities such as corporate hospitality to encourage new and further investment via the development of investor relations. Bargaining status: using PR to build brand in order to achieve better relationships with supplier and customers Staff relations: using PR to portray a healthy organisation in order to attract and maintain a desired quality of staff. Business development: initiating and building new business through PR activity such as events, corporate hospitality and business-to-business communication on order to develop business from new or existing customers. The author believes that these categories describe very well, how PR can be engaged in a business and what benefits it can bring for the organisation. Media advertising Introduction Advertising is a very suitable tool for reaching various target groups. Individuals are subjected to at least 600 advertisements a day (Clow and Baack, 2004). Mostsly the crucial factor for the choice of media are the costs. Due to a wide range of tools, even small firms can advertise events very favourable. Advertisements are designed to transfer an event message to the customer, inform, persuade and remind him (Boone and Kurtz, 2002). The advantage of media advertising is that one can reach a mass audience, also on a selective basis (Pickton and Broderick, 2001). Shimp (1997) confirms that advertising is a crucial factor for the successful introduction of a brand or event. Greetz (1997) adds that advertising increases the awareness of an events and that it can demand in sales. Following there will be a brief explanation of a few tools that are very suitable for organisations of all kind. Television Television targets a very wide group of people, often on a national level; very suitable for big events like e.g. World-wide sport events. A disadvantage is the cost of production which can be relatively high and therefore not affordable for small businesses. Newspaper Newspapers have a few advantages. One of them is the credibility and also that it offers a great targeted flexibility, from regional and local editions. Boone and Kurtz (2002) also state that local newspaper have a great impact on the local community, since they can be more easily involved. Furthermore, with newspapers, they have the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, especially local papers. Magazines When advertising in consumer magazines, it has the advantage that they are highly segmented. They offer a sophisticated targeting opportunity. Though, promoters often have to plan a long time ahead. During that time, the event plan could might have changed. Cost-wise, it depends on the magazine, whether it is a small more local magazine or a national one. Radio Radio is a very effective mass medium for creating a one-to-one relationship with the customer. It has a great flexibility in advertising locally, regionally or nationally (Clow and Blaack, 2004). As Masterman and Wood (2006) put it: The beauty of local radio for event organisers is its place in the community. Using local radio, can also be relatively inexpensive and target the local listeners. Outdoor Outdoor includes traditionally posters, billboards, transportation and street furniture. This kind of advertising is very low in costs, has a broad reach and long life. Also fly-posting is a very popular medium and often used for music and club promoters (Masterman and Wood, 2006). E-marketing The internet is another mass medium that is nowadays widely used. This mass advertising and e-mail is a cheap ways for direct marketing. Many venues have their own websites which can add longevity to an events. It is a good opportunity for very creative and innovative event marketing strategy. The websites should be updated regularly with information that are of interest to the various target groups. 3.7. Problems arising with the service communication mix Introduction With the focus on the third study aim which focuses on the problems that are faced by the organisations marketing services like live music performances, there will be an investigation on problems that arise within the communication mix. According to Hoffman et al (2009), inseparability and intangibility offer special challenges that have to be followed when implementing and developing a communication strategy. There are different problems that can appear, e.g. mistargeted communication, the management of the consumers expectation, internal marketing communication and selling/operating conflicts (George and Berry, 1981). These problems will now be further explained. 3.7.1. Mistargeted communication Positioning is very important in marketing. It can improve the organisations marketing efficiency when targeting different marketing activities according to the different target group who behave differently towards the organisation. The consequences of mistargeted communication for certain service organisations are clearly more significant than for traditional goods-producing organisations because of the shared consumption experience. Mistargeted communications are communication methods that affect an inappropriate segment of the market. 3.7.2. Managing Expectations Another problem are the customers expectations. An organisations communications are often interpreted as an explicit service promise that consumers use to base their initial expectations. The organisation has the opportunity to direct control the sources of expectation. Though, the organisation cannot influence past experiences and competitors activities. By having that control, the organisation has to define the objectives for the communication mix. One strategy for an organisation including a music venue, would be to reduce consumer expectations as much as possible. That would result in a higher satisfaction level of the customer. On the other hand, in competitive terms, many organisations build up expectations in order to differentiate themselves in the market place and try to attract people to them and not to the competitors. However, there is a risk, that organisations promise too much and increase the customers expectation to an unrealistic level. It would be most effective to match the expectations of the customer to the performance characteristics of the service delivery system (Bateson, 1992). 3.7.3. Internal marketing communications So far, it marketing communications were only mentioned to the external environment. But also internally, marketing communication is extremely important since it can be highly motivated if empathised by the staff. The staff has to have a clear understanding of the communication methods within the organisation. It might raise the

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. :: Essays Papers

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. In 1997, Dorothy Roberts wrote a salient book titled Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Roberts explicates the crusade to punish Black women—especially the destitute—for having children. The exploitation of Black women in the U.S. began in the days of slavery and, appropriately enough, Roberts introduces her first chapter with an illustrative story: When Rose Williams was sixteen years old, her master sent her to live in a cabin with a male slave named Rufus. It did not matter that Rose disliked Rufus "cause he a bully." At first Rose thought that her role was just to perform household chores for Rufus and a few other slaves. But she learned the true nature of her assignment when Rufus crawled into her bunk one night: "I says , ‘What you means, you fool nigger?' He say for me to hush de mouth. ‘Dis my bunk, too,' he say." When Rose fended off Rufus's sexual advances with a poker, she was reported to Master Hawkins. Hawkins made it clear that she had no choice in the matter: De nex' day de massa call me and tell me, "Woman, I's pay big money for you,and I's done dat for de cause I wants yous to raise me chillens. I's put you to live with Rufus for dat purpose. Now, if you doesn't want whippin' at de stake, yous do what I wants. Rose reluctantly acceded to her master's demands: I thinks ‘bout massa buyin' me offen de block and savin' me from bein' sep'rated from my folks and ‘bout bein' whipped at de stake. Dere it am. What am I's to do? So I ‘cides to do as de massa wish and so I yields. The story of control of Black reproduction begins with the experiences of slave women like Rose Williams. Black procreation helped to sustain slavery, giving slave masters an economic incentive to govern Black women's reproductive lives. Slave women's childbearing replenished the enslaved labor force: Black women bore children who belonged to the slaveowner from the moment of their conception. This feature of slavery made control of reproduction a central aspect of white's subjugation of African people in America. It marked Black women from the beginning as objects whose decisions about reproduction should be subject to social regulation rather than to their own will. (22-23) Once slavery was abolished Black people no longer had to worry about their children being the property of slaveowners, or anyone else.

Physics Preliminary Course Overview

Physics Preliminary 8. 2 The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information 1. Describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: – Mobile telephone – Fax/modem – Radio and television A. An energy transformation is a change in the type of energy, for example a change from sound energy to electromagnetic waves.Relating this to the mobile telephone, it undergoes basic energy transformations of, sound wave (your voice), to electrical energy (in the wires inside the phone), to electromagnetic waves (from the phone to the tower), to electrical energy (at the tower), then to electromagnetic waves (to reach the receiving phone), then electrical energy (inside the receiving phone), then to sound waves (at the speaker of the receiving phone) 2. Describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A.W aves carry energy and sometimes they require a medium and sometimes they don’t. Laser lights are an example of a 1 Dimensional wave, water waves are an example of a 2D wave while an example of 3D waves is a sound wave 3. Identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not A. Mechanical waves, such as sound waves, water waves and earthquake waves need a medium (a substance) to travel through, they cannot move from one point to another if there is nothing (a vacuum) between the two points.On the other hand electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through. An example of this is in space, which is a vacuum, if you call out in space your sound waves do not penetrate out of your space suit. However electromagnetic waves do, therefore you can see the light from the sun. Even simpler, in space you can see a planet explode, but you cannot hear it. 4. Define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, and velocity A.Mechanical Waves: The group of waves that required a medium for transmission, e. g. sound waves Electromagnetic Waves: The group of waves that do not require a medium for transmission i. e. ultraviolet light, visible light etc. They all travel at the same speed in a vacuum, which is the speed of light. Transverse Waves: Waves in which the particles oscillate at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave, e. g. surface water waves. Direction of Propagation: The direction of motion of a waveLongitudinal Waves: Waves in which the particles oscillate parallel to the direction of motion of the wave e. g. sound. Periodic Waves: Wave disturbance that repeat themselves at regular intervals. Compressions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction.Trough: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the particles of a medium from their rest position Wavefront: An imaginary line joining any group of adjacent particles that are in a phase with each other. Wavelength: The distance between any two corresponding points of a wave Frequency: the number of waves that pass a point in one second Period: Number of crest passages per unit time. 5. Describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves A.Particles in the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the motion of transverse wave. Particles in the medium move in a di rection of parallel to the motion of longitudinal waves 6. Quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: A. V=fw (v=velocity, f= frequency, w=wavelength) 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound 1. Identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium A. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium to travel through.As compressions and expansions (or rarefactions) of particles that make up the medium, sound is a vibration of the medium. 2. Relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them A. Compressions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest: The point of a wave where the particles of the m edium have a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction.Trough: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction 3. Explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves A. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second while the pitch is related to the number of vibrations per second. The pitch of a sound relates to the frequency of the sound emitted while the amplitude relates to the volume of that sound. E. g. if you have a high amplitude you will have a loud sound.When the frequency increases so does the pitch. 4. Explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave A. An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected off a surface and returns to the source. 5. Describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound A. When two separate waves meet they can be added to or subtracted to make a new wave. An example of this with sound waves is, if you have one person shout, and then you get two people to shout, each at the same volume as the first person, the resulting volume will be the sum of the two volumes. . Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum 1. Describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation A. Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through because electromagnetic waves do not vibrate particles so they don’t need a vaccum. In space (a vacuum) electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, a constant equal to 2. Identify the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays A.The Earth’s atmosphere provides a protective shield from harmful electromagnetic radiation. Fortunately this portion of the EM spectrum (UV rays, X-rays and Gamma rays) is filtered by the Earth’ s atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere filters out most of the electromagnetic waves except for visible light and radio waves. 3. Identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum A. – Radio waves are detected with radio receivers that are connected to aerials. – Microwaves are detected with piezoelectric crystals. – Visible light is detected by photoelectric cells. 4.Explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law: A. The strength of a signal is proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that signal. This means that at twice the distance the signal has 1? 4 of its original strength. 5. Outline how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information A. Modulation is the process of conveying a message signal inside another signal that c an be physically transmitted.With amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude or strength of the carrier signal is varied, which corresponds to changes in the sound, while its frequency remains constant. With frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier wave is altered according to changes in sound while the amplitude remains constant. 6. Discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes A. There is only a limited range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for communication purposes. 4.Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves 1. Describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves A. Reflection is the bouncing of a wave when it hits a surface or obstacle. Reflections of all types of waves follow the law of reflection. Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection The law of reflection states that the angle of the incident wave must equal the angle of the reflected wave and the incident wave and the reflected wave must lie in the same plane.It is important to remember that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is measured from the normal. The normal is perpendicular to the plane of reflection (e. g. a mirror). 2. Describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer A. Reflection of light is used fibre optics and in CD’s. Fibre optics allow for massive amounts of information transfer. Reflection of radio waves are utilised when radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere. Television and radio use this reflection to transfer information. . Describe one application of reflection for each of the following: – Plane surfaces – Concave surfaces – Convex surfaces – Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere A. Reflection on a plane surfac e is used in applications such as, CD-ROM, where the laser beam is either reflected of the CD or not. Reflection of convex surfaces is used in security mirrors, where it widens the field of view. Reflection of concave surfaces is used in torches, where the rays of light travelling backwards are projected forward, for more brightness. It is also used in satellite dishes.The ionosphere reflects a percentage of radio waves sent up, back towards earth. This allows for data to be sent through the radio waves over long distances. 4. Explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront A. Refraction is the bending of light as it changes speed upon entering a medium with different optical density. 5. Define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another A. The refractive index of a medium is the change in velocity of a wave from one medium to anoth er.Therefore refractive index is related to the speed of a wave in that medium 6. Define Snell’s Law: A. 7. Identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle A. The critical angle is the angle of incidence, which forms an angle of refraction at 90Â °. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle then you will have normal refraction, and if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then you will have total internal reflection. 8. Outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres A.Optical fibres work by having one medium coated by another medium with a lower refractive index. The angle that enters this is greater than the critical angle so therefore the ray of light bounces around inside and travels from one end to another, never exiting the fibre. Therefore a light ray can travel through the wire. The ray of light never has an angle of incidence of less than the critical angle, so t he ray never escapes the optical fibre. 5. Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies 1.Identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form A. Digital data is data that can be defined by numbers. Examples of digital communication include; fax, Internet, telephone calls, etc 8. 3 Electrical Energy in the Home 1. Society has become increasingly domestic energy dependent on electricity over the last 200 year 1. Discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time A. The first main source of domestic energy used by humans was fire, through wood, and then came domesticated animals, wind and water, coal, coal gas, electricity, fuel oils, solar and lastly nuclear energy.These have developed from the start of human existence to now. 2. Assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to, sources of energy for a community -More pollution -More demand for electrical en ergy -More electrical devices -Increased demand for energy 3. Discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in remote locations Alternative power sources can be used, such as solar or wind. 2. One of the main advantages of electricity is that is can be moved with comparative ease from one place to another through electric circuits . Describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the fields associated with them A. An object becomes electrostatically charged when there is either a deficiency or excess of electrons. The two types of charge are called positive charge and negative charge. Electrostatic charges cause charged particles to move of change direction. Electrostatic charges create a field of charge. An electric field is a region in which a charged particle will experience a force. 2. Define the unit of electric charge as the coulomb. A.The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). A charge of 1 C is equal to the charge provided by 6. 25 x 10 ( to the power of 18) electrons. This gives a charge of -1. 6 x 10 (-19 power) C for one electron. One coulomb is defined as the amount of charge that passes a point when a current of one ampere flows for one second. 3. Define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point 4. Define electric current as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field A.Electric current is defined as the amount of electric charge flowing past a given point in a given time interval. The SI unit of electric current is coulombs per second (C. s-1) or ampere (A), 1 amp is equal to 1 coulomb of charge passing a given point in 1 second. Conventional current runs from + to -. The electron movement is in the opposite direction of conventional current. 5. identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically A. AC current involves the oscillation of electrons due to an electric field that is constantly changing direction. Most generators produce alternating current by means of a coil rotating in a magnetic field. – With DC current flow, the electrons in a wire have an overall flow in only one direction. This is the method used in batteries, torches, portable radios, lights in cars, and toys. 6. Describe electric potential difference (voltage) between two points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts). A. 7.Discuss how potential difference changes at different points around a DC circuit A. Voltage or potential difference is defined as the change in energy when one unit of charge is moved from one point to another or the work done to move one unit of charge from one point to another. Decreases as it move around the circuit. 8. Identify the difference between conductors and insulators A. -A conductor is a substance in which there are ‘free’ charged particles and so a charge is able to flow through it. -An insulator is a substance in which ‘free’ charged particles are limited and so a charge is not able to flow through it. . Define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor: 10. Describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor: A. – Length: The longer the material the higher the resistance is. – Cross sectional area: The larger the cross sectional area the lower the resistance is. So the thicker the wire then lower the resistance. – Temperature: The higher the temperature of a material, the higher the resistance is. – Material: Different materials have different resistances. This is called the resistivity of that material. . Series and parallel circuits serve different purposes in households 1. Identify the diff erence between series and parallel circuits A. – A Parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit. – A series is a circuit having its parts connected serially Advantages of using parallel circuitry over series circuitry in household wiring include: – You can have some devices on and others off at the same time. – If one device fails the others still work. – All devices receive the highest possible voltage. 2.Compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across components and current through them A. In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same throughout the whole circuit while the current is divided between evenly throughout the circuit. In a series circuit the current is the same throughout the circuit while the voltage is divided evenly through the components of the circuit. 3. Identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters A. Ammeters are used to measure c urrent. Voltmeters are used to measure voltage. To measure the voltage of a component the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the component.To measure the current passing through a component, the ammeter is placed in series with the component. When an ammeters work best if they have a low resistance. And voltmeters work best if they have a high resistance. 4. Explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit A. Voltage is sometimes called potential difference. So it is measuring the difference between two points, so is must be placed in parallel so that it can measure the difference between before and after that component. Current is a measure of the rate at which charge flows, and therefore must be connected in series.Ammeters have a low resistance. 5. Explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house A. Because if they were all on the same circuit there would not be enough power to run all the appliances so the y are spread out on several circuits so there is enough power. 4. The amount of power is related to the rate at which energy is transformed 1. Explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another A. Power is the term used to describe how quickly energy (otherwise known as work) is transformed from one form to another, or transmitted from one point to another. . Identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current A. 3. Identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using: Energy = VIt A. – Energy = Voltage ? Current ? Time – Energy = Power ? Time – Energy is measured in joules (J). 4. Explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption rather than the joule A. 1 kWh is 1 kW every hour. The kWh is used to measure energy consumption. 5. Electric currents also produce magnetic fields and these fields are used in different devices in the home . Describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when they are brought close together A. Magnetic fields are from north to south. When two bar magnets are brought close together the magnetic fields around their poles will produce a force between the two magnets. If two like poles (north pole and north pole OR south pole and south pole) are brought close together they will repel each other while if two unlike poles (a north pole and a south pole) are brought close together they will attract each other. Like poles repel: Unlike poles attract. 2.Define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point A. The direction of a magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction the north pole of a compass would indicate at that point. 3. Describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles A. The magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles is best des cribed by describing the lines of magnetic flux. Lines of flux are directed from the north pole to the south pole and never cross. In a strong magnetic field they are close together while in a weak magnetic field they are well apart. . Describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric current in a straight current carrying conductor and describe how the right hand grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines A. When current is passed through a conductor, a magnetic field is created around it. The direction of the magnetic field can be found using the right hand rule. Point your right hand thumb in the direction of the current and the direction of your fingers is the direction of the magnetic field. 5. Compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet A. A solenoid is coil of wire.When a current is passed though a solenoid, a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet is produced. 6. Safety devices are important in hou sehold circuit 1. Discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240volt AC mains supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body A. There are several dangers when the muscles of the body are exposed to electric shocks. These are: – Pain receptors are usually activated. – Involuntary contraction of the muscles usually means that the person will not be able to let go of the power source. – The heart is stunned and goes into fibrillation. Severe burns are inevitable. – Instant death often occurs. 2. Describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation and other safety devices in the home A. – Double Insulating works by wrapping or encasing the electric components of an appliance with insulating material The insulating property of these materials sets up a physical barrier to prevent the flow of electricity from the electric appliance to its user. – A fuse is a short piece of an alloy of lead and tin, connected in series with the devices that it controls. The fuse is designed to melt when the current passing through it exceeds its threshold value. Circuit Breakers breaks the circuit when the current passing through it exceeds the threshold value by mechanical means – The active and neutral wires are connected to the functional electric unit of the appliance to deliver electricity. The earth wire is attached to the case of the appliance, which is made of metal. 8. 4 Moving About 1. Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed 1. Identify that a typical journey involves speed change A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system.A frame of reference is an object or a coordinate system that can be used to describe or compare motions. At the start of a journey your speed is 0 by the end of the journey you would have had to stop at traffic lights go up and down hills and e. g. 2. Distingui sh between the instantaneous and average speed of vehicles and other bodies A. Average Speed Is your total distance taken by the time it took you to go that distance. Instantaneous Speed is the speed that you are travelling at any given instant 3. Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations A. Scalar uantites have a magnitude but no direction examples include distance, speed and time. Vector quantities have a magnitude and a direction. Examples include velocity, force and displacement 4. Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity A. Instantaneous speed is a scalar quantity, on the other hand instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed is also a scalar quantity and average velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed takes into account your whole journey, where as average velocity only takes into account the starting and ending points. 5. Define average velocity as:A. 2. An analysis of the external forces on vehicl es helps to understand the effects of acceleration and deceleration 1. Describe the motion of one body relative to another A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system. e. g. You are watching Coyote chase Road Runner. Road Runner’s velocity is 17 m. s east and Coyote’s velocity is 15 m. s east. Road Runner’s velocity RELATIVE to you is 17 m. s east. Road Runner’s velocity RELATIVE to Coyote is 2 m. s east. 2. Identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems A.Vector diagrams are used to add vectors, to find the resultant vector. This can be used to find the net force on an object from many smaller forces. Addition of vectors is also used to find total displacement 3. Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object A. An object remains at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external forc e. This is also known as the law of inertia. It basically means that a moving object will travel in a straight line at a constant velocity until an external unbalanced force acts pon the object. 4. Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down A. As stated by Newton’s 1st law of motion, in order to change a vehicles direction or speed, you need an external force, to act on the vehicle. However on earth there is, gravity, air resistance and friction to slow a car down, and trust from the engine and friction with the ground and the tyres to speed up a car. 5. Describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including: – Friction between surfaces – Air resistance A.Friction examples are constantly seen throughout a normal day and it normally slows you down or helps change direction 6. Define average acceleration as A. 7. Define the terms ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ with reference to the effects of gravity A. Mass is the amount of matter in a body whereas weight is the force due to gravity acting on that mass. Weight is equal to mass times force due to gravity, which on earth is 9. 8 m. s. This is an extension of newton’s 2nd law of motion. F=ma 8. Outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when: – Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator Pressing on the accelerator – Pressing on the brakes – Passing over an icy patch on the road – Climbing and descending hills – Following a curve in the road A. 9. Interpret Newton’s Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation: A. The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and its acceleration in the direction of the force. 10. Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newton’s Second Law of Moti on A. Net force is defined as the vector sum of all forces.The net force is the resultant force of all individual forces acting on an object at that time. If the net force is zero, then the forces acting are described as balanced. The object will obey Newton’s first law of motion, that is, it will either continue to move at a constant velocity or remain stationary. If the net force is not a zero value, it is described as an unbalanced force. In this case, the object follows Newton’s second law of motion and acceleration will result. 3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect in understanding motion . Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy 2. Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing. In an elastic collision, the EK a fter the collision is equal to the kinetic energy before the collision. Inelastic collisions result in the transformation of energy into other forms. It is usually lost to the surroundings in the form of heat or sound and is no longer in a useful form. . Define the law of conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one body to another or transformed from one type to another. 4. Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver 1. Define momentum as: Momentum is a measure of an object's tendency to move in a straight line with constant speed. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity p ? mv 2. Define impulse as the product of force and time Impulse is force applied over a period of time Impulse = Force (Times) Time 3.Explain why momentum is conserved in collisions in terms of Newton’s Third Law of motion In any collision, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision 5. Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum 1. Define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest The inertia of a vehicle is its tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force. That is why when you crash a vehicle into a wall, it will continue to collide and squash into the wall instead of just stopping.This is also why a passenger in a vehicle continues to go forward when the breaks of a vehicle are applied. Because the car may have forces slowing it down but the passenger has a tendency to continue forward 2. Discuss reasons why Newton’s First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations There is always some type of friction that will oppose motion. Whether it is air resistance or friction between the object and the surface it travels on, it is impossible to completely eliminate friction. This is why objects do not remain in uniform motion. 3.Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle. Relating back to Impulse = Force ? Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the forces put on an the vehicle, and the occupants inside it. Low Speed zones are in place because, the slower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the faster you can stop 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles 8. 5 The Cosmic Engine

Philosophy Of Education Based On Curriculum Perspectives Education Essay

Gregory & A ; Ripski ( 2008 ) explains the effects of making trust and edifice bonds with pupils, â€Å" A relational attack may gain pupil cooperation via pupils ‘ feelings of their instructors as trustworthy and legitimate authorization figures † . Teachers must be leaders inside and outside the schoolroom. The instructor ‘s function is to first make energy to swear and esteem in their schoolroom. By making a schoolroom scene that is safe and loving ; pupils ‘ motive and energy towards larning is straight wedged explains Eccles & A ; Roeser ( 2003 ) , â€Å" It has been suggested that due to the developmental significance of relationships during adolescence ( peculiarly relationships outside the household ) , a socially supportive school atmosphere will advance positive academic and societal results in immature people † as cited in Associating Academic Social Environments, Ego-Identity formation, Ego Virtues and Academic Success ( Good & A ; Adams 20 08 ) . The key of a successful instructor is understanding how they became the instructors they which straight impacts pupil success. Student success is straight relationship to a safe schoolroom scene, positive relationships with pupils, and the desire to larn. I believe that each kid possesses the ability to be successful no affair what their environment. Each pupil has a alone personality that with individualised attending can happen success in whatever they set their head to make. I believe that pupils should be able to have an instruction in an environment that is safe, and fulfilling to everyone involved. It is my belief that each kid possesses a flicker inside them and the function of the pedagogue is to tackle that flicker and make energy ( desire ) of the pupil to larn. Many first twelvemonth pedagogues receive advice such as â€Å" do non smile until December † and â€Å" Let pupils neglect in the beginning, so they know they need you † , Landsman et Al ( 2008 ) argues, â€Å" Unfortunately, excessively many instructors begin their calling without a tool kit full of schemes for pull offing pupil acquisition. Therefore, they end up training pupils with force and menaces † . With this attitude educating the pupils of today is a losing conflict. The attack pedagogues take into their schoolroom sing pupils can finally order the success of the pupils behaviorally and academically, â€Å" Educators can construct better schools by cognizing, swearing, authorising, linking, and honouring all their pupils † ( Hoffman & A ; Lavek 2008 ) . The cogent evidence comes from the pupils ‘ success. The intent of instruction is to enable pupils to go successful in their lives. As an pedagogue I must larn what is of import to my pupils and what will assist them win in mundane life. Taking what is of import to them combined with the Georgia Performance Standards will assist to make their single success. I believe effectual instructors should make this every twenty-four hours every bit good as relate all acquisition to the universe around the pupils doing it meaningful to them. Constructing Relationships Relationships are non built in an blink of an eye. Time builds bonds with pupils. Relationships do non come over dark between pupils and instructors, nevertheless the clip exhausted making these bonds nurture a successful schoolroom, â€Å" The clip required to develop relationships with pupils may be significant. However without this clip, the loath scholar may ne'er go engaged in larning † ( Landsman, Moore, & A ; Simmons 2008 ) . A successful school is a topographic point where instructors take the clip to larn about their pupils as stated by Hoffman & A ; Lavek ( 2008 ) , â€Å" To make schools that function as individualized communities of larning instead than anon. establishments where some pupils feel they belong and others feel ignored, we must cognize our students-how they think, what they need, and what they want † . Relationships in the schoolroom and off from academically puting have the possible to impact the pupils instantly every bit good as supply a long er last impact. Classroom Environment Teachers many times can make a nurturing environment or cold schoolroom by the manner they perceive certain pupils. The incrimination is frequently passed on to the pupil as a deficiency of motive or duty, but the instructors may be the incrimination. As cited in, Reluctant Teacher, Ladson-Billings ( 2006 ) indicates that instructors who define pupils in such footings create a schoolroom environment that is no longer a topographic point of acquisition and high outlooks, but instead a topographic point rooted in control and direction. Such conditions will non assist the loath scholar become successful ( Landsman et al.2008 ) . Students want to experience that they are of import. They want to experience as if they belong, and have a interest in what they are making in the schools, â€Å" loath scholars need to experience that they are heard, that their narratives, their voices, their inquiries, and their parts affair. The best instructors make pupil voices the centre of the category à ¢â‚¬  ( Landsman et al 2008 ) . My end is to do learning merriment and take every docile minute to the benefit of my pupils. In order to supply my pupils with a route map to success ; I am committed to utilizing new and advanced techniques every bit good as go oning to turn professionally. I will make a stimulating ambiance wrapped with positive support, so pupils can turn and maturate emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. Academic Achievement and Behavior Fostering relationships where the pupils trust and have a relationship with their instructor lead to a well run schoolroom academically and behaviorally. Students who feel their environment in secure and understand the outlooks are more likely to back up and work for their instructor describes Stuhlman, Hamre, & A ; Pianta ( 2002 ) , â€Å" since the schoolroom is the puting where pupils execute on a day-to-day footing, doing it a more supportive environment may hold more immediate and longer-lasting effects on results such as behaviour and attending † . Another factor is behavior jobs and hapless academic accomplishment is motive. Students who are non motivated are more likely to hold behavior issues or academic jobs. Dissecting the pupils ‘ involvements to research how to actuate their acquisition will engender a schoolroom where pupils are willing to work, â€Å" by developing and presenting such schemes, pedagogues facilitate the edifice of positive relationships be tween instructors and pupils that can supply the motive, enterprise, and battle which are indispensable for academic success † ( Stuhlman et al 2002 ) . Collaboration is the following key to pupil success. Without the support of the parents and/or defenders and all pedagogues involved so larning is jeopardized. Educators can non trust to accomplish success without back uping one another and the support of the parents. Students can make higher degrees of larning when all grownups involved in their acquisition aids take their educational growing beyond the walls of the school. Gregory, A. , & A ; Ripski, M. ( 2008 ) . Adolescent trust in instructors: Deductions for behaviour in high school schoolroom. School Psychology Review, 37 ( 3 ) 337-353. Good, & A ; Adams, . ( 2008 ) . Associating academic societal environments, ego-identity formation, self-importance virtuousnesss and academic success. Adolescence, 43 ( 170 ) , 221-236. Hansen, K. ( 2008 ) . Rewriting Bildung for Postmodernity: Books on Educational Philosophy, Classroom Practice, and Reflective Teaching. Curriculum Inquiry, 38 ( 1 ) , 93-115. doi:10.1111/j.1467-873X.2007.00399.x Hoffman, D. , & A ; Levak, B. ( 2003 ) . Personalizing schools. Educational Leadership 61 ( 1 ) 30-34. Landsman, J. , Moore, T. , & A ; Simmons, R. ( 2008 ) . Loath instructors, Educational Leadership, 65 ( 6 ) 62-66. Slater, L. ( 2004 ) . Relationship-driven instruction cultivates coaction and inclusion Kappa Delta Pi Record 40 ( 2 ) . Stickney, J. ( 2006 ) . Deconstructing Discourses about ‘New Paradigms of Teaching ‘ : A Foucaultian and Wittgensteinian position. Educational Philosophy & A ; Theory, 38 ( 3 ) , 327-371. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2006.00198.x. Stuhlman, M. , Hamre, B. , & A ; Pianta, R. ( 2002 ) . Advancing the teen/teacher connexion. The Education Connection, 68 ( 3 ) , 15-17.

The Governments Role in the Economy

The Government's Role in the Economy In the narrowest sense, the governments involvement in the economy is to help correct market failures or situations in which private markets cannot maximize the value that they could create for society.  This includes providing public goods, internalizing externalities (consequences of economic activities on unrelated third parties), and enforcing competition.  That being said, many societies have accepted a broader involvement of government in a capitalist economy. While consumers and producers make most of the decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in several areas. Promoting Stabilization and Growth Perhaps most important, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates (known as fiscal policy) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (known as monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economys rate of growth and, in the process, affect the level of prices and employment. For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, recessions- periods of slow economic growth and high unemployment often defined as two consecutive quarters of decline in the gross domestic product, or GDP- were viewed as the greatest of economic threats. When the danger of recession appeared most serious, the government sought to strengthen the economy by spending heavily itself or by cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more, and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. In the 1970s, major price increases, particularly for energy, created a strong fear of inflation, which is an increase in the overall level of prices. As a result, government leaders came to concentrate more on controlling inflation than on combating recession by limiting spending, resisting tax cuts, and reining in growth in the money supply. A New Plan for Stabilizing the Economy Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1960s and the 1990s. In the 1960s, the government had great faith in fiscal policy, or the manipulation of government revenues to influence the economy. Since spending and taxes are controlled by the president and the Congress, these elected officials played a leading role in directing the economy. A period of high inflation, high unemployment, and huge government deficits weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity. Instead, monetary policy- controlling the nations money supply through such devices as interest rates- assumed a growing involvement. Monetary policy is directed by the nations central bank, known as the Federal Reserve Board, which has considerable independence from the president and the Congress. The Fed was created in 1913 in the belief that centralized, regulated control of the nation’s monetary system would help alleviate or prevent financial crises such as the  Panic of 1907, which started with a failed attempt to corner the market on the stock of the United Copper Co. and triggered a run on bank withdrawals and the bankruptcy of financial institutions nationwide. Source Conte, Christopher and Albert Karr.  Outline of the U.S. Economy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State.

Gatsby - nick carroway essays

Gatsby - nick carroway essays Nick Carraways character is both part of the story and at the same time the medium through which we perceive it. One must assume that because he is an independent character he is not a completely objective source of information. As everything in the novel passes through him there is no other un-biased source of information, so one must interpret his thoughts and opinions carefully. There is also another important factor about Nick Carraways narration that should be considered; he is a fictional character created by Fitzgerald and used by him as a tool for narration so anything that Carraway relates to the reader is simply Fitzgerald communicating to the reader by proxy. There fore he is telling the reader what Fitzgerald wants us to know, so his narration is at least reliable in that sense, although perhaps not always completely clear and objective he is nevertheless fundamentally reliable. Whether or not Nick Carraway is a likeable character or not is very central to the novel. One must ask whether Fitzgerald wants us to like him or not. This will govern the way that the reader interprets the opinions and descriptions that he relates to us. Crucially, the judgements that Nick sometimes passes on people will carry much more weight if the reader actually finds Nick an amenable character. Nicks opinions of him self are interesting...he tries to be as impartial as possible...he sees himself as an extremely tolerant person, willing to hear people out....says he does this from the advice of his dad...he likes people to be well behaved....he is perhaps slightly hyporitcal when he says that everything Gatsby represents he regards with unlimited scorn but then goes on to speak of his admiration for the man. Nicks opinions of himself can be very revealing, the first two pages of the novel are very interesting as he reflects upon his own character. His opinions of himself are quite high, he even admits to being so ...

A School for My Village

Kaguri tells his story of how he overcame tremendous odds on building a tuition-free school for HIV/AIDS orphans in his home village of Nyakagyezi, Uganda. This amazing story combines his own story of growing up in Nyaka, the events that led him promoter for HIV/AIDS, and his journey toward founding/ developing the school. Growing up in rural Uganda, Kaguri lived on his family’s small farm and often-worked long hours for his father. His parents were barely able to send him to college with the little money that they had saved, but Kaguri overcame the odds and eventually became a visiting scholar at Columbia University in New York City. He overcame poverty to earn a degree and worked as a human rights advocate. When he returned to his village in Uganda with his wife after earning his degree, the number of orphans who were the victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic overwhelmed him with dissatisfaction, so he vowed to open the first tuition-free school in the district for these innocent children who desperately needed it. Faced with many daunting obstacles, including little money, skepticism among friends in both the U. S. and Uganda, corrupt school inspectors, and a lack of supplies, he and his wife doggedly built one classroom after another until they had an accredited primary school filled with students dreaming of becoming the future doctors, teachers, lawyers, engineers, and even presidents of Uganda. This inspiring story is a very heart warming one that makes you realize how lucky you actually are for the life that you have and the amount of opportunities you can get that you are able to succeed in. This story really teaches you to not be selfish and I believe that is an important aspect that every human being needs to learn better. Who knew one person could make such an impact on so many lives for the better? Kaguri answered that question on a whole new level with his actions that he had completed and been successful in. A School For My Village teaches readers that anything is possible if you put hard work into it. It also teaches you to never give up no matter how many things are not in your favor or working in your manor. Kaguri did not want the children of his hometown to be held back because of the opportunities/ learning utensils that they did not have, so he found a way to give them what they need in order to be successful. Those heroic efforts accomplished by Kaguri are truly unbelievable and definitely need to be known throughout the world. A School for My Village Kaguri tells his story of how he overcame tremendous odds on building a tuition-free school for HIV/AIDS orphans in his home village of Nyakagyezi, Uganda. This amazing story combines his own story of growing up in Nyaka, the events that led him promoter for HIV/AIDS, and his journey toward founding/ developing the school. Growing up in rural Uganda, Kaguri lived on his family’s small farm and often-worked long hours for his father. His parents were barely able to send him to college with the little money that they had saved, but Kaguri overcame the odds and eventually became a visiting scholar at Columbia University in New York City. He overcame poverty to earn a degree and worked as a human rights advocate. When he returned to his village in Uganda with his wife after earning his degree, the number of orphans who were the victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic overwhelmed him with dissatisfaction, so he vowed to open the first tuition-free school in the district for these innocent children who desperately needed it. Faced with many daunting obstacles, including little money, skepticism among friends in both the U. S. and Uganda, corrupt school inspectors, and a lack of supplies, he and his wife doggedly built one classroom after another until they had an accredited primary school filled with students dreaming of becoming the future doctors, teachers, lawyers, engineers, and even presidents of Uganda. This inspiring story is a very heart warming one that makes you realize how lucky you actually are for the life that you have and the amount of opportunities you can get that you are able to succeed in. This story really teaches you to not be selfish and I believe that is an important aspect that every human being needs to learn better. Who knew one person could make such an impact on so many lives for the better? Kaguri answered that question on a whole new level with his actions that he had completed and been successful in. A School For My Village teaches readers that anything is possible if you put hard work into it. It also teaches you to never give up no matter how many things are not in your favor or working in your manor. Kaguri did not want the children of his hometown to be held back because of the opportunities/ learning utensils that they did not have, so he found a way to give them what they need in order to be successful. Those heroic efforts accomplished by Kaguri are truly unbelievable and definitely need to be known throughout the world.

Education experiences analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education experiences analysis - Assignment Example By embracing the inquiry-based concept of education, students are in a position to not only easily comprehend what is taught in class but they also become creative and more knowledgeable (Freire 1). It is therefore evident that inquiry based education is better than the banking mode, this is because students tend to gain more knowledge, overcome authoritarianism and hence succeed in life. To begin with, when I was in high school back in China, my school had very strict measures unlike what I experienced when I moved to US for my further education. Unlike the US education, in China students are normally required to study for 15 hours on a daily basis in addition to being loaded with assignments to do them from home and submit them the following day. Although in China we are very good when it comes to exams, it is the exact opposite when doing laboratory tests. In China, one was termed a loser if he or she scored less than 85% in the exams. This is because unlike in the US where students conduct lab tests during chemistry lessons, In China we never had lab classes. This is because teachers never saw the need for wasting time in the lab instead of just memorizing all the procedures from class. In my opinion, comparing the mode of teaching in China and the US, United States method is far much better because students are not allowed to memorize for the sake of passing exa ms, instead they do their own research and come up with results that are then discussed in class. In addition, according to my opinion, the banking mode of education should be abolished in learning institutions and in its place be replaced with the inquiry-based concept of education. The banking concept never allow student to do in-depth research. for instance, if the teacher says that the multiple of two and two is equal to four, these students will only memorize this statement and deposit it without even

Response Execution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Response Execution - Essay Example These plans may be carried out verbally and informally, especially for incidents that are simple in nature and have short duration by the Incident Commander. Written action plans, are considered whenever there are two or more areas of responsibility involved, the duration of the incident carried on into another operational period, new organizational elements are triggered and if it is required by agency policy (Greene, 2001). Incident management plans are written to clearly provide a statement of objectives and appropriate measures, provide a gauge to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness and to provide a basis to assess the progress and accountability of the incident of the incident team (Greene, 2001). A sniper was reported within the vicinity of the power failure area. The said sniper is randomly shooting citizens in the downtown park area. Said area is congested due to the power outage. According to initial reports, two civilians were shot by said sniper and may still be alive. There will be one assigned Incident Commander (IC) who will directly have the overall responsibility of the resolution of the situation. In this exercise, the Governor of Arizona is the most likely candidate as he/she is mandated by State of Arizona to execute the Emergency Response and Recovery Plan (SERRP), the ICS management plan of the state (State of Arizona, 2003). The IC shall oversee the functions of the incident command system (ICS) and their respective section chiefs - operations (responsible for direct tactical actions), planning (responsible for preparation of action plan, resource maintenance and situational status), logistics (provide support), finance administration (procurement of supplies and cost accounting), information officer, safety officer and other representatives from assisting agencies. (Greene, 2001). The unified command ICS structure will be used, as it is the structure being utilized by the SERRP. Due to the potentially wider scope and further implications of the scenarios, the Governor of

Summary An Economic way of looking at life by Gary Becker Essay

Summary An Economic way of looking at life by Gary Becker - Essay Example Economic way of looking at life helps individuals to know moral pathways and how to be ethical in economics. In chapter 7, social issues that are discussed are termed as labor supply, which in it you find household production, the family, and the life cycle which can be well analyzed by economic way of looking at life. In making household decisions, certain factors have to be in mind. Some of these factors are, the economy, time, income and individuals involved. In household decision making, one of the key attribute is the size. For instance the size of the family and number of children dictate the economic way of living of that family. Often, women in society have a role in bearing and raising a certain number of children and carrying out farm works as opposed to men who work in outside jobs in various offices. Economic analysis of this kind of decision shows that the labor force is low compared to the size of the family. This is because, the income from the couple would be more compared to when only the male individual is working. If the latter is used it would mean poor living standards as the family is growing. As regards to whether families uses more by consuming purchased goods as opposed to home made goods also differs if we analyze using our knowledge on economic way of looking at life. Although there is no such a big difference between the two, if things such as labor and the time spent to produce the home made goods are considered, economic wise consuming household good will carry the day since leisure is achieved and no supervision when producing them. In a later age, household decision on when to retire comes in. The topic about taking care of yet grown up children and on the other hand, older children taking care of the aged parents is dominant. These two are interconnected and each of them is crucial and important. Analysis of this economically

Sea Level Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sea Level - Assignment Example Humans, animal life and natural resources face the direct effects of sea level change, global warming and climate change at large. The California Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for the development, implementation and enforcement of the states environmental protection laws (Ferrey 143). Cal/EPA aims to minimize air, water and land pollution. Therefore, the concerns addressed by the Cal/EPA are tailored towards the realization of human, animal and natural resource welfare, amid environmental hardships in the contemporary times. In this regard, sea level change and its impacts on human population, animal life and natural resources falls in the Cal/EPA docket. While the impacts of sea level change are both positive and negative, the need to address the causes of sea level change cannot be ignored. This is due to the fact that this scenario is being experienced as a result of climate change, characterized by persistent climate change. The threats posed by sea level change at all aspects of the state are significant to account for. In fact, this is not only a local, regional and national matter, but also an international undertaking. The Cal/EPA, through you and all its personnel is at a better position to quicken environmental advocacy in relation to sea level change. This is because, while outcome of sea level change may be devastating, this phenomenon continues to receive less than adequate attention across social, economic and political

Antibiotics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antibiotics - Essay Example In response to the bacterium’s ability to mutate, scientists developed large numbers of different antibiotics, including semisynthetic variants of penicillin such as methicillin, in an attempt to keep ahead of the bacterium’s ability to develop resistance. In the 1950s some cases emerged in which the bacterium was resistant to even this antibiotic, giving rise to the name â€Å"Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus† or MRSA. One recent study found that a small number of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes have evolved out of epidemic strains of MRSA, and this explains why MRSA is now endemic in many hospitals and care homes (Enright et al., 2002). The consequence for human health is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to counter this bacterial infection in precisely these contexts. The pharmaceutical industry has very few effective antibiotics left which can deal with MRSA and the proposed strategy to deal with its advance is to improve hospital and care home cleanliness and to keep researching new antibiotic formulae. This will undoubtedly be successful in the short term, but it is difficult to know how long scientists can keep this up, given the ability of the bacterium to evolve

Age discrimination and its effect on the over 30s in todays workplace Research Paper

Age discrimination and its effect on the over 30s in todays workplace - Research Paper Example Age discrimination is all about taking the focus from job competency as reflected in the skill levels and placing it on the individual’s calendar age. Most people tend to view age discrimination as an aspect that relates to older employees but the fact is that ageism involves young employees too. This is for the reason that there are age restrictions that are illegal and their sole intention is to bar young people with proper educational credentials simply because the employer thinks that the credentials will hinder them from performing their duties as expected (Macnicol 3). Pension reforms were ushered in with the advent of industrialization. Social security in form of specified pension amounts lured older employees into retirement as the schemes had financial benefits. However, after the Second World War, the professional arena experienced a change that saw the entry of the younger generation and modern technology into the workplace (Sargeant 27). â€Å"Discrimination exist s in the minds of those that believe they have the right to exercise abusive authority and control over the powerless, the poor and the oppressed† (Hullet 28). This was the genesis of age discrimination as employers started viewing the ‘old’ employees as a professional burden that lacked the required technical know-how, conservative in their style of work, and above all lacked the zeal to work (Macnicol, 14). Nonetheless, there were those employers who stuck with the ‘old guard’ as they felt that the young were immature and inexperienced to enhance their productivity. Another fact that led to the cropping up of age discrimination was the low output achieved by older employees as they were incapable of keeping abreast with the new technology. Even so, their pay was high and they could not be fired because they had a lifetime employment policy. This made employer to review their policies in favor of the young thereby creating age discrimination. General ly, it can be said that age discrimination affects all age groups. Companies, on the other hand, view hiring young people as expensive as they will require further training and close supervision. They also have reservation on hiring old people because they tend to think that they will not get value for their money as older people will work for a short time before retiring and they are expected to pay out their retirement benefit. Age discrimination on a global scale and the USA Age discrimination is a worldwide phenomenon that affects every society in the world. However, this review will look at the European Union and the United States. â€Å"There is ample evidence that discrimination takes place in the EU† (Macnicol 45). Every standpoint has its own definition of old age, for example, in the statistical aspect old age is considered 60 to 65 years of age as pertaining to retirement or social program entry eligibility (Grobe 12). The European commission ranges old from 55 to 65 years of age. However, a 40 year old is defined as an old worker in the United States of America. Even though the current economic crises mostly affected the young people in Germany, there was also